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{{Traducir}}
Las '''traducciones de la Biblia''' han sido numerosas: a 450 lenguas de forma completa y a más de 2000 de forma parcial, lo que convierte la [[Biblia]] en el [[libro]] (o conjunto de libros) más [[traducción|traducido]] de la historia.<ref>Javier Caballero, [http://www.elmundo.es/suplementos/magazine/2008/484/1230640660.html ''La Biblia, el mayor «best seller» de la historia - Desde que Gutenberg la imprimió hace cinco siglos, ha vendido 6.000 millones de ejemplares''], en El Mundo Magazine, 4 de enero de 2009: ''... ya ha sido traducida a 2.254 idiomas. «Aún falta por editarla en 4.500 lenguas», señala Vicenzo Paglia, obispo de Terni (Italia) y presidente de la Federación Bíblica Católica.''</ref> Algunas de ellas han sido trascendentales para el desarrollo de las lenguas y las culturas en que se dieron.

Las primeras traducciones bíblicas comenzaron en el mismo amplio periodo en que sus libros se fueron redactando: el [[texto masorético]] en [[hebreo bíblico|hebreo]], los ''[[tárgum]]'' en [[arameo bíblico|arameo]] y la traducción al [[Koiné|griego]] denominada ''[[Biblia de los Setenta]]'' (siglo III a II a. C.), que se realizó de los textos originales que componen la [[Biblia hebrea]] del [[judaísmo]] ([[Antiguo Testamento]] para el [[cristianismo]]). Los textos del [[Nuevo Testamento]] fueron escritos directamente en griego. Esa versión sigue siendo utilizada directamente en buena parte de la [[cristiandad oriental]] ([[iglesia ortodoxa]]), además de las [[traducciones de la Biblia a las lenguas eslavas]]<ref>Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914), ''New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. Fuente citada en [[:en:Bible translations into Slavic languages]]</ref> (desde la de [[Cirilo y Metodio]], 863) y otras en distintos ámbitos lingüísticos, algunas de las cuales se cuentan entre las más antiguas (''[[Diatessaron]]''<ref>Jan Joosten, 2001. "Tatian's Diatessaron and the Old Testament Peshitta" Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 120, No. 3 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 501–523. Fuente citada en [[:en:Diatessaron]]</ref> de [[Taciano]] en [[siríaco]], ca. 170, [[traducciones de la Biblia al copto|traducciones coptas]],<ref>The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, Otherwise Called Memphitic and Bohairic. The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic. Oxford 1922. Fuentes citadas en [[:en:Coptic versions of the Bible]]</ref> [[canon bíblico etíope|etíopes]],<ref>Biblia Aethiopica—August Dillmann et al online edition of the Ethiopian Bible. Fuente citada en [[:en:Ethiopian Biblical canon]]</ref> el ''[[Codex Argenteus]]'' del godo [[Ulfilas]], siglo VI, etc.)

Aunque hay traducciones anteriores (las llamadas ''[[Vetus Latina]]''), la traducción al [[latín]] de [[Jerónimo de Estridón|San Jerónimo]] (denominada ''[[Vulgata]]'', 382) fue la dominante en la [[cristiandad occidental]] hasta la [[reforma protestante]] (siglo XVI), y continuó siéndolo en el [[catolicismo]] hasta la Edad Contemporánea.<ref>Aunque el [[Concilio de Trento]] no prohibía la traducción de la Biblia ni su lectura en lengua vulgar, sí que restringía ambas actividades, considerándolas problemáticas si no se realizaban bajo el criterio interpretativo de la jerarquía eclesiástica católica; y establecía la oficialidad de la Vulgata, otorgándola prioridad sobre cualquier otra versión. El [[Índice de Libros Prohibidos]] de 1564 establecía diez reglas generales, entre ellas la explícita prohibición de las traducciones hechas "por heresiarcas" (los líderes de la reforma protestante). Pedro Guibovich Pérez, [http://books.google.es/books?id=ombFxoqh1NQC&pg=PA53&dq=trento+prohibici%C3%B3n+traducci%C3%B3n&hl=es&sa=X&ei=DezuUP3PPM3J0AWhuoAQ&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=trento%20prohibici%C3%B3n%20traducci%C3%B3n&f=false ''Censura, libros e inquisición en el Perú colonial: 1570-1754''], Universidad de Sevilla, 2003, ISBN 8400082095, pg. 53.</ref> La crítica filológica del [[Humanismo renacentista|humanismo]] buscaba la obtención de traducciones depuradas (''[[Biblia políglota complutense]]'' impulsada por el [[cardenal Cisneros]], 1514-1522, ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' iniciado por [[Erasmo]], 1516-1522, continuado por [[Teodoro de Beza|Beza]], 1565-1604, ''[[Biblia regia]]'' o ''Políglota de Amberes'', de [[Arias Montano]], 1568-1572, etc.)

Coincidiendo con la [[Edad de Oro del islam]] (siglos VIII al XIII) hubo [[traducciones de la Biblia al árabe]] tanto en el [[Próximo Oriente]] como en la [[España musulmana]] (realizadas por [[mozárabe]]s).<ref>H. Kassis, "The Arabization and Islamization of the Christians of al-Andalus: evidence of their Scriptures”, Languages of Power in Islamic Spain, ed. Ross Brann, Bethesda, Maryland, 1997. Fuente citada  en [[:en:Bible translations into Arabic]]</ref>

A finales de la Edad Media ya habían aparecido traducciones totales o parciales de la Biblia a las [[lenguas vulgares]] [[lenguas romances|romances]] y [[lenguas germánicas|germánicas]]. Las primeras [[traducciones de la Biblia al castellano]] son las llamadas ''prealfonsinas'', que preceden a la denominada ''[[Biblia alfonsina]]'' (1260-1280) incorporada en la ''[[General estoria]]'' de [[Alfonso X el Sabio]]. Por la misma época se produjeron la primera [[traducción de la Biblia al portugués]] (la ''[[Biblia de don Dinis]]'', patrocinada por el rey [[Dionisio I de Portugal]])<ref>Gottfried Brakemeier, A Autoridade da Bíblia (Editora Sinodal 2003 ISBN 978-85-233-0716-5), p. 11. Fuente citada en [[:en:Bible translations into Portuguese]]</ref> y la primera [[traducción de la Biblia al catalán]], denominada ''[[Biblia de Montjuich]]'' (patrocinada por [[Alfonso III de Aragón]] en 1287, sobre una preexistente [[traducciones de la Biblia al francés|versión francesa]]<ref>Jean-Marie Auwers (Dir.), La Bible en français. Guide des traductions courantes, coll. Connaître la Bible, n°11-12, Bruxelles, Lumen Vitae, 2002, 2e éd. augmentée, 144 p., ISBN 2-87324-170-5. Fuente citada en [[:fr:Traductions de la Bible en français]]</ref>). La ''[[Biblia Valenciana]]'' (de [[Bonifacio Ferrer]], comienzos del siglo XV) fue uno de los primeros libros impresos en España (en 1478). Unos años antes, en 1471, había aparecido la primera Biblia impresa en italiano ([[traducciones de la Biblia al italiano|traducción]] de [[Nicolò Malermi]]).<ref>Girolamo Tiraboschi, Storia della letteratura italiana VI-1 (Venezia 1795), pp. 287-289. Fuente citada en [[:it:Nicolò Malermi]]</ref> La más trascendente de las [[traducciones de la Biblia al alemán]]<ref>Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds.), Tyndale's Testament, Brepols 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1. Fuente citada en [[:en:Bible translations into German]]</ref> fue resultado del trabajo de [[Martín Lutero]] entre los años 1521 y 1534 (''[[Biblia de Lutero]]''). Entre las más importantes [[traducciones de la Biblia al inglés]]<ref>Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: Its History and Influence. [[Yale University Press]], 962. ISBN 0-300-09930-4. Fuente citada en [[:en:English translations of the Bible]]</ref> están la [[Biblia Tyndale|''Tyndale'']]<ref>Sir Frederic Kenyon (1947). The story of the Bible. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd.. pp. 47–49. A.C. Partridge (1973). English Biblical Translation. London: Andrè Deutsch Limited. pp. 38–39, 52–52. Fuentes citadas en [[:en:Tyndale Bible]]</ref> (1525-1536) y la ''[[King James]]'' (1611). La ''[[Reina-Valera]]'' (1565-1602) fue la más usada por los protestantes españoles.

[[Joanes Leizarraga]] [[traducciones de la Biblia al euskera|tradujo el Nuevo Testamento al euskera]] en 1571.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/wb/bsq/index.htm Old version]. Fuente citada en [[:en:Bible translations into Basque]]</ref> Algunos misioneros católicos españoles del siglo XVI tradujeron la Biblia a las lenguas americanas, como [[Bernardino de Sahagún]], que lo hizo parcialmente en la lengua [[nahuatl]]; pero tal forma de evangelización fue prohibida por la [[Inquisición española|Inquisición]] desde 1576.<ref>F. Rodríguez Molinero y J. L. Vicente Castro, [http://books.google.es/books?id=Jn0GOfLtTFMC&pg=PA152&dq=bernardino+biblia+nahuatl&hl=es&sa=X&ei=VfLuUNLiK8rBhAfS9oGAAQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=bernardino%20biblia%20nahuatl&f=false ''Bernardino de Sahagún, primer antropólogo en Nueva España''], Universidad de Salamanca, 1986, ISBN	847481412X, 152.</ref>
{{VT|Anexo:Traductores de la Biblia}}
<center>
<gallery>
File:POxy v0075 n5021 a 01 hires.jpg|Salmo 90 traducido al griego de la ''[[Septuaginta]]'' en uno de los [[papiros de Oxirrinco]] (ca. 450).
File:Codex Glazier.JPG|''[[Codex Glazier]]'', en copto, siglo IV o V.<ref>Hans-Martin Schenke, Apostelgeschichte 1, 1 - 15, 3 Im Mittelaegyptischen Dialekt des Koptischen (Codex Glazier) (Texte Und Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte Der Altchristlichen Literatur 137), Berlin: Akademie Verlag 1991. Fuente citada en [[:en:Codex Glazier]]</ref>
File:RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg|Cánones eusebianos del ''[[Evangeliario Rabbula]]'', en siríaco, siglo VI.<ref>Grove Dictionary of Art (Rabbula Gospels). Fuente citada en [[:en:Rabbula Gospels]]</ref>
File:Codex Marchalianus Pg 71.JPG|''[[Codex Marchalianus]]'', en griego, siglo VI.<ref>Antonio Ceriani, ''De codice Marchaliano seu Vaticano Graeco 2125 (1890)''. Fuente citada en [[:en:Codex Marchalianus]]</ref>
File:Codex Argenteus-Mark ev.jpg|''[[Codex Argenteus]]'', en lengua gótica, siglo VI.
File:AshburnPenatuchtFolio021rIsaacRebecca.jpg|''[[Pentateuco de Tours]]'', en griego, siglo VII.
File:Codex Amiatinus (1 Cor 1,1-21).jpg|''[[Codex Amiatinus]]'' de la Vulgata, siglo VIII.
File:ArabicDiatessaron.jpg|Traducción al árabe del ''[[Diatessaron]]'' siríaco, siglo XI.
File:Msfr155mortdelame.jpg|''[[Bible Historiale]]'', en francés, ca. 1350.<ref>Sneddon, Clive R. A Critical Edition of the Four Gospels in the Thirteenth-Century Old French Translation of the Bible, Thesis presented for the degree of D. Phil., Oxford University, 1978. Fuente citada en [[:en:Bible Historiale]]</ref>
File:Biblia Ruska.jpg|Biblia eslava de [[Francysk Skaryna]], 1517.
File:Complutesian Polyglot 1522.jpg|''[[Biblia políglota complutense]]'', 1522.
File:Tyndale Bible - Gospel of John.jpg|''[[Biblia Tyndalle]]'', 1526.
File:Luther-Bible-frontispiece-1541.jpg|''[[Biblia de Lutero]]'', 1541.
File:Biblia del Oso.png|''[[Biblia del Oso]]'', de Casiodoro de Reina, 1569.
File:Biblia del Cantaro.JPG|''[[Biblia del cántaro]]'', de Cipriano de Valera, 1602.
File:KJV-King-James-Version-Bible-first-edition-title-page-1611.jpg|''[[King James]]'' (Biblia del rey Jacobo), 1611.
File:Bible, tr. by Emmanuel Diaz.jpg|Traducción parcial de la Biblia al chino del jesuita portugués [[Emmanuel Díaz]], 1636. 
File:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's Bible.jpg|Biblia en chino clásico, 1853.
File:Aethiopisch orthodoxer Moench.jpg|Monje etíope con una Biblia ilustrada.
</gallery>
</center>
== Historia ==
=== Traducciones y ediciones de la Biblia hebrea ===
Algunas de las primeras traducciones del [[Torah]] judío se realizaron durante el primer exilio en [[Babilonia]], cuando el [[idioma arameo|arameo]] se convirtió en la [[lingua franca]] de los judíos. Dado que muchas personas hablaban solo en arameo y no entendían hebreo, se crearon los [[Targum]]s para permitir que las personas comunes pudieran entender la [[Torah]] cuando era leída en las [[sinagoga]]s antiguas.

La [[Tanakh]] estaba escrita en su mayor parte en [[hebreo bíblico]], con algunos trozos (especialmente en el [[Libro de Daniel]] y el [[Libro de Esdras]]) en [[arameo bíblico]].

Otras antiguas traducciones judías, tales como los [[Targum]]s en arameo, siguen de cerca el [[texto masorético]] de la [[Biblia hebrea]], y todas las traducciones judías medievales y modernas se basan en la misma fuente.

El movimiento más difundido para traducir libros de la Biblia para traducir libros de la Biblia que se remontaban al siglo III a. C. La mayoría del [[Tanakh]] existía en [[idioma hebreo|hebreo]], pero muchos judíos vivían en [[Egipto]], en donde [[Alejandro Magno]] había fundado [[Alejandría]]. En cierta época un tercio de la población de esta ciudad .eran judíos helenos. Sin embargo, no se intentó realizar ninguna traducción de relevancia (ya que la mayoría de los judíos continuaban hablando en arameo entre ellos) hasta que [[Ptolomeo II|Ptolomeo II Filadelfo]] contrató a un gran grupo de judíos (entre 15 y 72 según distintas fuentes) que poseían un fluido dominio del [[Koiné|griego koiné]] y hebreo. Estas personas realizaron la traducción actualmente denominada la [[Septuaginta]].

Desde el 800 hasta el 1400, estudiosos judíos actualmente denominados [[Masoreta]]s compararon los textos de todos los [[manuscritos bíblicos]] conocidos en un esfuerzo por crear un texto único estandarizado. Como resultado de este esfuerzo aparecieron una serie de textos sumamente similares, todos los cuales son denominados Textos Masoréticos (MT). Los Masoretes también agregaron puntos [[vocal]]es al texto (llamados [[niqud]]), ya que el texto original solo contenía [[consonante]]s. Este proceso a veces requería la elección de una denominada interpretación, dado que algunas palabras solo se diferenciaban por sus vocales—su significado dependiendo de cuales vocales se utilicen. En la antigüedad, existían varias lecturas o interpretaciones en hebreo, algunas de las cuales han sobrevivido en el [[Pentateuco Samaritano]], los [[pergaminos del Mar Muerto]], y otros fragmentos antiguos, además de existir referencias a ellas en versiones antiguas en otros idiomas.<ref name="Cohen1979">Menachem Cohen, [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/dilugim/CohenArt/ The Idea of the Sanctity of the Biblical Text and the Science of Textual Criticism] in ''HaMikrah V'anachnu'', ed. Uriel Simon, HaMachon L'Yahadut U'Machshava Bat-Z'mananu and Dvir, Tel-Aviv, 1979.</ref>

Los judíos también escribieron traducciones no literales o parafraseadas denominadas [[targum]]s, especialmente en arameo. A menudo expandían y elaboraban el texto con detalles adicionales tomados de la tradición oral rabínica.

=== Traducciones primitivas al griego y latín ===
En la obra ''[[Hexapla]]'' de [[Orígenes|Orígenes de Alejandría]] se presentan en forma comparativa seis versiones del Antiguo Testamento, incluida la traducción griega del siglo II de [[Aquila de Sinope]] y [[Símaco el ebionita]]. Esta elaboración ecléctica de la Septuaginta tuvo una influencia significativa en el texto del Antiguo Testamento en varios manuscritos importantes. La [[Biblia#«Biblia» cristiana|Biblia Cristiana]] canónica fue establecida formalmente por el Obispo [[Cirilo de Jerusalén]] en el 350 (aunque de hecho ya había sido aceptada por la iglesia), siendo confirmada por el [[Concilio de Laodicea]] en el 363 (ambas no incluían el [[Libro de las Revelaciones]]), y posteriormente promulgada por [[Atanasio de Alejandría]] en el 367 (con el agregado del Libro de las Revelaciones), y la traducción al latín denominada ''[[Vulgata]]'' de [[Jerónimo de Estridón]] se remontan al 382&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C. y 420. Las traducciones al [[latín]] anteriores a Jerónimo son denominadas en forma genérica como textos ''[[Vetus Latina]]''.

La primera de todas las traducciones de la [[Biblia hebrea]] al [[Idioma griego|griego]] fue la denominada [[Septuaginta]] (LXX), que luego se convierte en el texto aceptado del [[Antiguo Testamento]] en la iglesia y la base de sus [[Canon bíblico|cánones]]. La denominada [[Vulgata]] en latín realizada por Jerónimo estaba basada en la versión en hebreo de aquellos libros de la Biblia que se habían conservado en el canon judío (tal como se presentaban en el [[texto masorético]]), y del texto griego de los [[libros deuterocanónicos]].

Las traducciones cristianas también tendían a basarse en la versión en hebreo, aunque algunas prefieren la [[Septuaginta]] (o pueden presentar citas alternativas de ambas). Las traducciones de la Biblia que incorporan críticas textuales modernas por lo general comienzan con el texto masorético, pero también tienen en cuenta posibles variantes de todas las versiones antiguas disponibles. El [[Textus Receptus]] del Nuevo Testamento cristiano se encuentra en [[Koiné|griego koiné]],<ref>Algunos estudiosos creen posible que ciertos libros (en forma completa o parcial) pueden haber sido escritos en arameo antes de ser traducidos para diseminarlos en forma masiva. Un ejemplo muy famoso de esto es [[Logos|el comienzo]] del [[Evangelio según San Juan]], mientras que algunos estudiosos argumentan que es la traducción griega de un himno en arameo.</ref> y casi todas las traducciones están basadas en un texto griego.

Durante el siglo II o III a.C, la [[Torah]] fue traducida al [[Koiné|griego koiné]], y durante el siguiente siglo, otros libros fueron también traducidos. Esta traducción se denominó la [[Septuaginta]]. "Sin embargo, no fue hasta la época de [[Agustín de Hipona]] (354-430 CE) que la traducción griega de las escrituras judías pasó a ser conocida por el término en latín ''septuaginta''."<ref>{{Cita enciclopedia | last = Sundberg | first = Albert C., Jr. | editor = McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. | encyclopedia = The Canon Debate | title = The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism | year = 2002 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | isbn = 978-1565635173 | pages = 72}}</ref>

Jerónimo comenzó revisando las primeras traducciones latinas, pero terminó retrotrayéndose al original griego, saltándose todas las traducciones, y retornando al hebreo original cada vez que pudo en vez de utilizar la Septuaginta.
En el siglo IV [[Ulfilas]] tradujo el Nuevo Testamento al [[idioma gótico|gótico]]. En el siglo V, [[Mesrob Mashtots|San Mesrob]] tradujo la Biblia al [[idioma armenio|armenio]]. De la misma época son las traducciones [[Peshitta|siríaca]], [[idioma copto|copta]], [[Ge'ez|etíope]] y [[idioma georgiano|georgiana]].

En el 331, el [[Constantino I y el cristianismo|emperador Constantino]] le encargó a  [[Eusebio]] que produjera cincuenta Biblias para la Iglesia de Constantinopla. [[Atanasio de Alejandría|Atanasio]] (''Apol. Const. 4'') escribió que unos 340 escribas alejandrinos prepararon Biblias para el  [[Constante (emperador)|emperador Constante]]. Poco más se sabe, aunque abundan las especulaciones. Por ejemplo, se especula que esto puede haber servido de motivación para las [[Cánon bíblico|listas de cánones]], y el [[Codex Vaticanus|Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]], el [[Codex Sinaiticus]] y el [[Codex Alexandrinus]] son ejemplo de estas Biblias. Juntamente con la [[Peshitta]], estas son las más antiguas Biblias cristianas disponibles.<ref>''The Canon Debate'', McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pp. 414-415, for the entire paragraph.</ref>
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En su obra ''Ciudad de Dios'' 18.42, while repeating the [[Letter of Aristeas|story of Aristeas]] with typical embellishments, Agustín agrega el comentario, "Es su versión traducida la que ahora se estila denominar la Septuaginta" ...[Latin omitted]... Agustín por lo tanto indica que el uso de este nombre para referirse a la traduccion griega de las escrituras era algo reciente. But he offers no clue as to which of the possible antecedents led to this development: {{bibleverse||Exod|24:1-8}}, [[Josephus]] [Antiquities 12.57, 12.86], or an elision. ...eset nombre ''Septuaginta'' para haber sido un desarrollo del siglo IV al V."</ref> and was widely used by Greek-speaking Jews, and later by Christians.<ref name="Jobes and Silva">Karen Jobes and Moises Silva, ''Invitation to the Septuagint ISBN 1-84227-061-3, (Paternoster Press, 2001). - The current standard for Introductory works on the Septuagint.</ref> It differs somewhat from the later standardized Hebrew ([[Masoretic Text]]). This translation was promoted by way of a legend (primarily recorded as the [[Letter of Aristeas]]) that seventy (or in some sources, seventy-two) separate translators all produced identical texts.<ref name="Dines">Jennifer M. Dines, ''The Septuagint,'' Michael A. Knibb, Ed., London: T&T Clark, 2004.</ref>

The discovery of older manuscripts, which belong to the Alexandrian text-type, including the 4th century Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, led scholars to revise their view about the original Greek text. Attempts to reconstruct the original text are called ''critical editions''. [[Karl Lachmann]] based his critical edition of 1831 on manuscripts dating from the 4th century and earlier, to demonstrate that the Textus Receptus must be corrected according to these earlier texts.

The ''autographs'', the Greek [[biblical manuscript|manuscripts]] written by the original authors, have not survived. Scholars surmise the original Greek text from the versions that do survive. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the [[Alexandrian text-type]] (generally minimalist), the [[Byzantine text-type]] (generally maximalist), and the [[Western text-type]] (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts

Versions of the Septuagint contain several passages and whole books beyond what was included in the Masoretic texts of the [[Tanakh]]. In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts. Recent discoveries have shown that more of the Septuagint additions have a Hebrew origin than was once thought. While there are no complete surviving manuscripts of the Hebrew texts on which the Septuagint was based, many scholars believe that they represent a different textual tradition ("Vorlage") from the one that became the basis for the Masoretic texts.<ref name="Cohen1979" />

* The use of numbered chapters and verses was not introduced until the Middle Ages and later. The system used in English was developed by Stephanus ([[Robert Estienne]] of Paris) (see [[Chapters and verses of the Bible]])
* Early manuscripts of the letters of Paul and other New Testament writings show no punctuation whatsoever.<ref>http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/images/papyruslg.gif</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2010}} The [[punctuation]] was added later by other editors, according to their own understanding of the text.

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|Bible translations in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Devil codex Gigas.jpg|thumb|left|The '''[[Codex Gigas]]''' from the 13th century, held at the [[Swedish Royal Library|Royal Library]] in [[Sweden]].]]
When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they wrote notes on the margins of the page (''marginal glosses'') to correct their text—especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line—and to comment about the text. When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text. See [[textual criticism]]. Over time, different regions evolved different versions, each with its own assemblage of omissions and additions.

There are also several ancient translations, most important of which are in the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] dialect of Aramaic (including the [[Peshitta]] and the [[Diatessaron]] gospel harmony), in the Ethiopian language of [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]], and in [[Latin]] (both the [[Vetus Latina]] and the [[Vulgate]]).The Bishop of Geths Urfila in the today's Bulgaria translated the Bible in gothic in the mid 4 century.The earliest surviving complete manuscript of the entire Bible is the [[Codex Amiatinus]], a Latin Vulgate edition produced in eighth century England at the double monastery of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey|Wearmouth-Jarrow]].

Most variants among the manuscripts are minor, such as alternative spelling, alternative word order, the presence or absence of an optional definite article ("the"), and so on. Occasionally, a major variant happens when a portion of a text was accidentally omitted (or perhaps even censored), or was added from a marginal gloss. Fortunately, major variants tend to be easier to correct. Examples of major variants are the [[Mark 16|endings of Mark]], the [[Pericope Adulteræ]], the [[Comma Johanneum]], and the [[Acts of the Apostles#Manuscripts|Western version of Acts]].

During the [[Middle Ages]], translation, particularly of the Old Testament was discouraged. Nevertheless, there are some fragmentary [[Old English Bible translations]], notably a lost translation of the [[Gospel of John]] into Old English by the Venerable [[Bede]], which he is said to have prepared shortly before his death around the year 735.  An [[Old High German]] version of the gospel of Matthew dates to 748. [[Charlemagne]] in ca. 800 charged [[Alcuin]] with a revision of the Latin Vulgate.  The translation into [[Old Church Slavonic]] dates to the late 9th century.

[[Alfred the Great]] had a number of passages of the Bible circulated in the vernacular in around 900.  These included passages from the [[Ten Commandments]] and the [[Pentateuch]], which he prefixed to a code of laws he promulgated around this time.  In approximately 990, a full and freestanding version of the four Gospels in idiomatic Old English appeared, in the [[West Saxon]] dialect; these are called the ''[[Wessex Gospels]]''.

[[Pope Innocent III]] in 1199 banned unauthorized versions of the Bible as a reaction to the [[Cathar]] and [[Waldensian]] heresies.  The synods of Toulouse and Tarragona (1234) outlawed possession of such renderings. There is evidence of some vernacular translations being permitted while others were being scrutinized.

The complete Bible was translated into Old French in the late 13th century. Parts of this translation were included in editions of the popular ''Bible historiale'', and there is no evidence of this translation being suppressed by the Church.<ref>Sneddon, Clive R. 1993. "A neglected mediaeval Bible translation." ''Romance Languages Annual}'' 5(1): 11-16 [http://web.archive.org/web/http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/RLA-Archive/1993/French-html/Sneddon,Clive.htm].</ref>

The most notable [[Middle English Bible translation]], [[Wyclif's Bible]] (1383), based on the Vulgate, was banned by the Oxford Synod in 1408. A Hungarian [[Hussite]] Bible appeared in the mid 15th century, and in 1478, a Catalan translation in the dialect of [[Valencia (autonomous community)|Valencia]].

===Reformation and Early Modern period===
{{See also|Early Modern English Bible translations}}

The earliest printed edition of the Greek New Testament appeared in 1516 from the [[Johann Froben|Froben]] press, by [[Erasmus|Desiderius Erasmus]], who reconstructed its Greek text from several recent manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. He occasionally added a Greek translation of the Latin Vulgate for parts that did not exist in the Greek manuscripts. He produced four later editions of this text. Erasmus was Roman Catholic, but his preference for the [[Byzantine Greek]] manuscripts rather than the [[Latin Vulgate]] led some church authorities to view him with suspicion.

In 1521, [[Martin Luther]] was placed under the Ban of the Empire, and he retired to the [[Wartburg Castle]]. During his time there, he translated the New Testament from Greek into German.  It was printed in September 1522. The first complete Dutch Bible, partly based on the existing portions of Luther's translation, was printed in [[Antwerp]] in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt.<ref>Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds) Tyndale's Testament, Brepols 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, p. 120.</ref>

The first printed edition with ''[[critical apparatus]]'' (noting variant readings among the manuscripts) was produced by the printer [[Robert Estienne]] of Paris in 1550. The Greek text of this edition and of those of Erasmus became known as the ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' (Latin for "received text"), a name given to it in the [[House of Elzevir|Elzevier]] edition of 1633, which termed it as the text ''nunc ab omnibus receptum'' ("now received by all").

Later critical editions incorporate ongoing scholarly research, including discoveries of Greek papyrus fragments from near Alexandria, Egypt, that date in some cases within a few decades of the original New Testament writings.<ref>Metzger, Bruce R. ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Paleography'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1981) cf. [[Papyrus 52]].</ref> Today, most critical editions of the Greek New Testament, such as UBS4 and [[NA27]], consider the Alexandrian text-type corrected by papyri, to be the Greek text that is closest to the original ''autographs''. Their ''apparatus'' includes the result of votes among scholars, ranging from certain {A} to doubtful {E}, on which variants best preserve the original Greek text of the New Testament.

Critical editions that rely primarily on the Alexandrian text-type inform nearly all modern translations (and revisions of older translations). For reasons of tradition, however, some translators prefer to use the Textus Receptus for the Greek text, or use the ''[[Majority Text]]'' which is similar to it but is a critical edition that relies on earlier manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. Among these, some argue that the Byzantine tradition contains scribal additions, but these later interpolations preserve the orthodox interpretations of the biblical text—as part of the ongoing Christian experience—and in this sense are authoritative. Distrust of the textual basis of modern translations has contributed to the [[King-James-Only Movement]].

The churches of the [[Protestant Reformation]] translated the Greek of the Textus Receptus to produce [[vernacular]] Bibles, such as the German [[Luther Bible]], the Polish [[Brest Bible]] and the English [[King James Version of the Bible|King James Bible]].

[[William Tyndale|Tyndale's]] [[Tyndale's Bible|New Testament translation]] (1526, revised in 1534, 1535 and 1536) and his translation of the [[Pentateuch]] (1530, 1534) and the [[Book of Jonah]] were met with heavy sanctions given the widespread belief that Tyndale ''changed'' the Bible as he attempted to translate it. The first complete French Bible was a translation by [[Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples]], published in 1530 in [[Antwerp]].<ref>Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds) Tyndale's Testament, Brepols 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, pp. 134-135.</ref> The [[Froschauer Bible]] of 1531 and the [[Luther Bible]] of 1534 (both appearing in portions throughout the 1520s) were an important part of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].

The first English translations of [[Psalms]] (1530), [[Isaiah]] (1531), [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] (1533), [[Ecclesiastes]] (1533), [[Jeremiah]] (1534) and [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] (1534), were executed by the Protestant Bible translator [[George Joye]] in [[Antwerp]]. In 1535 Myles Coverdale published the first complete [[Coverdale Bible|English Bible]] also in [[Antwerp]].<ref>Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds) Tyndale's Testament, Brepols 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, pp. 143-145.</ref>

In 1584 both Old and New Testaments were translated to [[Slovene language|Slovene]] by [[Protestantism|Protestant]] writer and theologian [[Jurij Dalmatin]]. The [[Slovenes]] thus became the 12th nation in the world with a complete Bible in their language.

The missionary activity of the [[Jesuit]] order led to a large number of 17th century translation into languages of the [[New World]].

===Modern translation efforts===
{{See also|International Bible Society|Bible  Society|Wycliffe Bible Translators}}
The Bible continues to be the most translated book in the world. The following numbers are approximations. {{As of|2005}}, at least one book of the Bible has been translated into 2,400 of the 6,900 languages listed by [[SIL International|SIL]],<ref name="numtrans">{{cite news | title=The Bible in the Renaissance - William Tyndale| publisher=Dom Henry Wansbrough | url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sben0056/Tyndale.London.htm}}</ref> including 680 languages in Africa, followed by 590 in Asia, 420 in Oceania, 420 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 210 in Europe, and 75 in North America. The United Bible Societies are presently assisting in over 600 Bible translation projects. The Bible is available in whole or in part to some 98 percent of the world's population in  a language in which they are fluent.

The United Bible Society announced that as of 31 December 2007<ref>
{{Cite web
  | last = United Bible Society
  | first =
  | author-link = United Bible Society
  | title = Statistical Summary of languages with the Scriptures
  | date =
  | year = 2008
  | url = http://www.ubs-translations.org/about_us/#c165
  | accessdate = 22 de marzo de 2008 }}</ref> the Bible was available in 438 languages, 123 of which included the deuterocanonical material as well as the Tanakh and New Testament. Either the Tanakh or the New Testament alone was available in an additional 1168 languages, and portions of the Bible were available in another 848 languages, for a total of 2,454 languages.

In 1999, Wycliffe Bible Translators announced ''Vision 2025''.  This project aims to see Bible translation begun by 2025 in every remaining language community that needs it. They currently estimate that 2,251 languages, representing 193 million people, lack a Bible translation.<ref>
{{Cite web
  | last = Wycliffe Bible Translators
  | first =
  | author-link = Wycliffe Bible Translators
  | title = Progress Report
  | date =
  | year = 2007
  | url = http://www.wycliffe.net/about/Progress/tabid/463/Default.aspx
  | accessdate = 22 de marzo de 2008 }}</ref>

In 2001, Mike Coles, an [[Religious education|RE]] teacher in [[Stepney]], translated The Bible into [[Cockney]] [[Rhyming slang]] and in 2008, graphic representations of The Bible in [[Manga]] and [[Lego|''Lego'' brick]] form were given approval by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7750842.stm The Bible but not as you know it], ''[[BBC]] Magazine'', retrieved 28/11/2008</ref>

==== Differences in Bible translations ====
[[File:Gutenberg Bible.jpg|thumb|This [[Gutenberg Bible]] is displayed by the United States [[Library of Congress]]]]
{{See|Bible translations#Approaches|Dynamic and formal equivalence|Bible version debate}}
As [[Hebrew]] and [[Koine Greek|Greek]], the original languages of the Bible, have idioms and concepts not easily translated, there is an on going critical tension about whether it is better to give a word for word translation or to give a translation that gives a parallel idiom in the target language. For instance, in the English language [[Catholic]] translation, the [[New American Bible]], as well as the [[Protestant]] translations of the Christian Bible, translations like the [[King James Version]], the [[New Revised Standard Version]], and the [[New American Standard Bible]] are seen as fairly literal translations (or "word for word"), whereas translations like the [[New International Version]] and [[New Living Translation]] attempt to give relevant parallel idioms. [[The Living Bible]] and [[The Message (Bible)|The Message]] are two paraphrases of the Bible that try to convey the original meaning in contemporary language. The further away one gets from word for word translation, the text becomes easier to read while relying more on the theological, linguistic or cultural understanding of the translator, which one would not normally expect a lay reader to require.

One translation of the Bible, the [[New World Translation]], used only by Jehovah's Witnesses, is seen as controversial by some because of the renderings of key verses. The NWT translates the New Testament ''[[Kyrios]]'', "LORD," as "Jehovah." However, it does not do so consistently, and avoids this translation when "Lord" unambiguously refers to Jesus. Philippians 2:11 is translated as "Jesus Christ is Lord" instead of "Jesus Christ is Jehovah." Their translations are not accepted by any mainstream Christian denomination.

A variety of linguistic, philological and ideological approaches to translation have been used, including:
* [[Dynamic equivalence]] translation
* [[Formal equivalence]] translation (similar to [[literal translation]])
* [[Idiomatic]], or [[Paraphrase|Paraphrastic]] translation, as used by the late [[Kenneth N. Taylor]]

A great deal of debate occurs over which approach most accurately communicates the message of the biblical languages' source texts into target languages.  Despite these [[The Bible version debate|debates]], however, many who study the Bible intellectually or devotionally find that selecting more than one translation approach is useful in interpreting and applying what they read.  For example, a very literal translation may be useful for individual word or topical study, while a paraphrase may be employed for grasping initial meaning of a passage.

In addition to linguistic concerns, theological issues also drive Bible translations.

As an [[Internet]] experiment, the [[The Four Gospels|Gospel]] books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were reinterpreted from the [[King James Bible]] by a distributed workforce through [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]]. Human workers were assigned individual Bible verses and asked to rewrite them in their own words. No context was provided. The rewritten verses were reassembled for publication on a website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pkgraham.com/turkers_gospel/ |title=The Turker's Gospel |accessdate=23 de octubre de 2008 |urlarchivo=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.pkgraham.com/turkers_gospel/|fechaarchivo=26 de noviembre de 2015}}</ref>

====Inclusive language====
{{Main|Gender in Bible translation}}
Traditionally, English masculine [[pronoun]]s have been used interchangeably to refer to the male gender and to all people. For instance, "All ''men'' are mortal" implies that all people are subject to death. English language readers and hearers have had to interpret masculine pronouns (and such words as "man" and "mankind") based on context. Further, both [[Hebrew]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], like some of the Latin-origin languages, use the male gender of nouns and pronouns to refer to groups that contain both sexes. This creates some difficulty in determining whether a noun or pronoun should be translated using terms that refer to men only, or generically to men and women inclusively. Context sometimes, but not always, helps determine whether to decode them in a gender-insensitive or gender-specific way. Some newer translations of the Bible use [[gender inclusive language]] when a passage refers to all of humanity.

==See also==
'''Ancient and classical translations:'''
*[[Septuagint]] (Greek)
*[[Targum]] and [[Peshitta]] (Aramaic)
*[[Vetus Latina]] and [[Vulgate]] (Latin)
*[[Coptic versions of the Bible]]
*[[Syriac versions of the Bible]]

'''English Translations:'''
*[[English translations of the Bible]]
*[[Old English Bible translations]]
*[[Middle English Bible translations]]
*[[Early Modern English Bible translations]]
*[[Modern English Bible translations]]
*[[Jewish English Bible translations]]
*[[Europeanization of the Scriptures]]

'''Other languages:'''
*[[Bible translations by language]]
*[http://www.bibelarchiv-vegelahn.de Bibelarchiv Vegelahn: Bible translations in german]

'''Related:'''
*[[Bible version debate]]
*[[Translation]]
*[[Hermeneutics]]
*[[Exegesis]]
*[[List of languages by year of first Bible translation]]
*[[Institute for Bible Translation]]
-->

== Véase también ==
*[[Anexo:Traducciones de la Biblia al español]]
*[[Pierre Robert Olivétan]]
*[[Giovanni Diodati]]

== Referencias ==
{{Listaref}}

== Enlaces externos ==
* {{Dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Bible/Translations|Bible translations}}
* [http://edition.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/12/24/repackaging.bible/index.html#cnnSTCText Repackaging the Bible] by Eric Marrapodi, ''CNN'', December 24, 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101226190002/http://www.biblestudymagazine.com/preview/choosetranslationWeb.pdf Choosing a Bible Translation - Daniel B. Wallace]


[[Categoría:Biblia]]
[[Categoría:Traducción]]